Inbreeding Both hybrid varieties outyielded the inbred. [57] Although only about 7% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is widely spoken and understood as a second language by the vast majority of Pakistanis. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. In addition to finding such a high number of cases of extreme inbreeding, the researchers found that such cases had a wide range of negative health impacts on people in terms of physical, mental, and reproductive issues. 3442, 2006. 103, no. 13931400, 2007. 5. In order to find all potential cases of extreme inbreeding from a dataset that is nearly half a million people large, Yengo and his team looked at the homozygosity of peoples genomes. A buffer (levee) of 0.5m, 0.5m, and 1.0m was kept in between subplots, main-plots, and blocks, respectively. Although the table is originally ranked by district population size, clicking the headers will allow the reader to sort the table. Web[repost] According to a study 70% of Pakistan population is inbred and retarded. The statistics in the graphs below were created by the United Nations in July 2022,[7] and are covered in more detail in the following section. The postanthesis decline in leaf area at specially the ripening stage was higher in the hybrid compared to the inbred [17]. 42, no. The 2017 census recorded that 40.3% of the country's population was under the age of 15, while only 3.7% of Pakistanis were aged 65 or more. Sennels states that research reveals inbred children lose 10-16 points from their IQ, and the chance of having an IQ of less than 70 (the official demarcation for being classified as retarded) increases by an astonishing 400% for the child of first cousin marriage. This shows the poor performance of Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 for the delayed planting dates. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Tang et al. This is due to Pakistani Christians having a significantly lower fertility rate than Pakistani Muslims and Pakistani Hindus as well as them being concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab. The majority of Shia Muslims belong to the Ithn'Ashariyyah branch,[92] while a smaller number practice Ismailism. Aside from these, there are 103 more cities in the country with populations of at least 100,000. Ratio of spikelets number to leaf area (at heading) and ratio of yield sink to leaf area (at heading) were calculated according to Zhao et al. Most obvious of all is that those who willingly submitted their genetic information to the Biobank were clearly eager or neutral in doing so, suggesting that they were healthier than average and had a higher level of education than most. Some societies use religious or legal sanctions to discourage such marriages. Upcoming. 3, pp. Almost all of the above mentioned families (except 5) belonged to the group which presented with a malformed child. C. H. Qi, Analysis on source-sink relationship and its regulation techniques of hybrid rice combinations, Journal of Jiangxi Agricultural University, vol. The association of types of relationship to production of malformations in children was calculated to have a Chi square value of 5.135 with a p=0,0767, but when considered individually forvarious types of relationship, was highly significant for first cousins with a p=<0.01 1 (Figure 3). T. Kobata, M. Sugawara, and S. Takatu, Shading during the early grain filling period does not affect potential grain dry matter increase in rice, Agronomy Journal, vol. 3552, International Rice Reseseach Institute and Bangladesh Rice Reseseach Institute, 1999. 4. A consecutive sample hospital based prospective survey of 5000 Armed Fomes families was carried out in the Department of Paediatnc Surgery at Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from April, 1992 to April, 1993. The 2017 census showed an increasing share in Hinduism, mainly caused by a higher birth rate among the impoverished Hindus of Sindh province. This article is about the demographic features of the population of Pakistan. The table below shows Pakistan's provinces and territories by their historical population. DA 816. In addition to this, the physiological characteristics of flag leaf in hybrid and elite inbred rice were also studied. M. N. A. Khan, S. Murayama, Y. Ishimine, E. Tsuzuki, K. Motomura, and I. Nakamura, Growth and yield in F1 hybrids of rice ( Oryza sativa L.), Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. Inherited metabolic, haematological, enzymatic and chromosomal defects were not included. Genet., 1958; 10:446-451. America. 15, 1993, (Chinese with English abstract). S. Yoshida, Physiological analysis of rice yield, in Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science, pp. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. Kj. Modell, B. and Kuliev, AM. Joe Rogan podcast. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? [8]; and Wu et al. This situation was aggravated by the rising temperature in delayed plantings. WebA 2005 BBC survey found that 55 percent of Britains huge Pakistani population was married to a first cousin. Due to vigorous vegetative growth at the middle growth stage, tested hybrid varieties accumulated significantly higher amounts of dry matter at heading over the inbred. 328335, 2006. J. Pediatr. not being heard is no reason for silence on Twitter: "RT 69, no. Both hybrids mature in 140 to 145 days during the dry seasons (December to May) [31]. Muslim Inbreeding is a Huge Problem-And People Don't Want to 8288, 1997 (Chinese). 263271, 1998. Dry matter accumulation was steeper in Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 at early planting due to the low temperature induced-longer vegetative duration and efficient source activity. There was no significant preference for marriage towards paternal side, maternal side orboth, as the percentage ratio of first cousins, second cousins and distant related couples was nearly the same in all the groups (Table III). Perinatal Epidemiol., 1991 ;5:10l .114. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Social and genetic implications of customary consanguineous marriages among British Pakistanis. S. Peng, J. Yang, F. V. Gracia et al., Physiology-based crop management for yield maximization of hybrid rice, in Advances in Hybrid Rice, S. S. Virmani, E. A. Siddiq, and K. Muralidaran, Eds., pp. In the case of early planting, higher biomass accumulation and rapid expansion of leaf area of the tested hybrids produced higher LAI just after heading and developed an efficient sink (large panicles). "Pakistan: Fertility Rate from 2010 to 2020. Chi square and p-values were calculated alongwith contingency coefficients. 5. This poor filled grain percentage was associated with lower postheading crop growth rate and also related to failure of assimilates supply to the spikelets due to rising temperature. 19. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. R. K. Dutta, M. A. Basir-Mia, and S. Khanum, Plant architecture and growth characteristics of fine grain and aromatic rice and their relation with grain yield, International Rice Commission Newsletter, vol. Occasional papers, second series, No.4, London, Gallon Institute, 1992. [27], and Tang et al. Chlorophyll a:b ratio of the flag leaf was higher in both the hybrids. In captive breeding facilities these two individuals are often related, making inbreeding common. 261266, 2001 (Chinese). 280284, 2005 (Chinese). [52][53] Numerous regional languages are spoken as first languages by Pakistan's various ethnolinguistic groups. Fox, R. Kinship and marriage. Hybrid rice varieties exhibited higher degree of sensitivity to temperature rising in regard to shoot reserve remobilization to grain compared to the inbred. As urbanisation has progressed and owing to the country's large population, Pakistan today has many very large urban centers which act as hubs for commerce and culture. M. R. C. Laza, S. Peng, S. Akita, and H. Saka, Contribution of biomass partitioning and translocation to grain yield under sub-optimum growing conditions in irrigated rice, Plant Production Science, vol. W.-B. [60] Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new state of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest British India. As a consequence, yield of hybrid varieties decreased rapidly compared to the inbred under delayed planting. 3, p. 33, 2009, Regd no. When researchers began building the U.K. Biobank for genetic data in 2006, they set out to study the relationship between peoples DNA and their likelihood of developing certain diseases. In both the years, the maximum grain yield for all varieties was achieved at early planting dates (20 December) and there was a gradual decreasing trend observed in delayed planting. (March 30, 2023). In both the United Kingdom and Denmark the number of immigrants who are married to their cousins is around half. Numerous smaller cities (such as Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and the capital Islamabad) dot the rest of the country. Rainfall is scanty or absent in early dry season (December-January). The parents of children visiting out- patients department were asked to. The inbreeding of 76% in this sutdy corresponds with that of Darr and Model17 who found 75% consanguinity in Pakistanis settled in U.K. One hundred and thirty-five of these families had one additional child malformed, whereas, 10 had two malformed children in addition to the index child with whom they reported. Cousin Marriage in Islam and The Comparison of Mean IQ in and Thompson, MW Genetics, in medicine. Originally, this variety was developed from the breeding line BR5778-21-2-3 and its duration of growth ranges from 140 to 145 days. The maximum value of LAI gradually decreased in hybrid and inbred varieties with delayed transplanting due to reduction of vegetative phase. Higher chlorophyll content in the flag leaves and its slow reduction toward maturity delayed senescence of the hybrid rice varieties (Table 4). Considering the prevalence of malformations with the types of relationship of parents, the inter-marriage with first cousins alone, was highly significant (p=<0.01) (JPMA 47:75,1997). [83] Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax. Consanguinity is a characteristic feature of kinship systems in many societies in the developing world, particularly Islamic countries where consanguineous unions account for 2555% of total marriages (Bittles, Reference Bittles, Speicher, Antonarakis and Motulsky 2010).Consanguineous unions remain socially and culturally The statistics below do not contain Azad Kashmir or Gilgit-Baltistan, which disseminate their census data separately from Pakistan's four provinces and Islamabad. This margin of error is lessened for larger districts from where larger sample sizes were utilised. March 30, 2023. The religious breakdown of the Pakistani population as of Pakistan Census 2017 is as follows: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021. 19, pp. 9. However, environmental influence on total chlorophyll content of flag leaf was relatively small. 7, pp. Filled grain percentage of inbred BRRI dhan45 was more or less stable at different planting dates. [4], The demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley civilisation to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from Eurasia and the nearby Middle East. 4752, 1998. 58, no. Hereditas, 1989;111:79-83. Politicians state we must listen to science on some issues, but avoid it on others. Scientists have identified a gene that's killing purebred dogs. [68], Pashto () is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by more than 18% of Pakistanis, mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in northern Balochistan as well as in ethnic Pashtun communities in the cities of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, and most notably Karachi,[69][70][71][72] which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world.[73]. Inbreeding Does sink regulation, rather than sink size, play a major role? Field Crops Research, vol. 3, pp. The Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 showed considerable decrease in flag leaf photosynthetic rate 9 days after flowering in the 5 February planting. Ten plants were sampled from each plot at heading and at maturity. 96, no. Inbreeding doubles the chances of still birth, and increases the chance of death during labour by 50%. In the UK, an increasing percentage of infant deaths or serious medical issues are caused by 50+ generations of first cousin marriages and inbreeding in the muslim world, placing an increasing strain on the NHS. and Kurian, M Consanguinity and its effect on fetal groMh and development: A South Indian study. 16. Flag leaves from the main tiller of five representative plants of each plot were used to measure photosynthetic rate with a portable photosynthesis analyzer (Model: LI-6400, Li-COR Inc. USA) at 2, 9, 16, and 23 days after flowering under clear sunshine from 11.00 am to 12.30 pm when photosynthetically active radiation at the top of the canopy ranged from 1300 to 1400molm2s1. 5.1. Higher yield of Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 was attributed to the greater number of spikelets panicle1 along with larger and heavier grain size. 2,261. From 1990 to 2018, Pakistan's HDI increased 38.6% from 0.404 to 0.560. There are small non-Muslim religious groups, including Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Bahs and Zoroastrians (Parsis),[95]. 219225, 1992. Five plants were sampled at 10-day intervals starting from 20 DAT up to maturity. The Really Good News in the first week of the New Year, Remember, Remember the Second of November. Four percent of these malformed siblings were found in related families (125 in 3820) as compared to 2% (20 in 1180) in unrelated couples. 29, no. 112, no. 17, no. 902909, 2001. Inbreeding significantly (P<0.01) affected birth and 60 days weight. 18. 1, pp. This was entirely predictable, it just hasnt been talked about. One hundred and fifty-five siblings were also found malformed in 145 families. Hamamy, H.A. 170177, 2007. The word Hindko, commonly used to refer to a number of Indo-Aryan dialects spoken in the neighbourhood of Pashto, likely originally meant "the Indian language" (in contrast to Pashto). This result was at par with the findings of Laza et al. These results suggested that modern inbred BRRI dhan45 was efficient in source utilization at the grain filling stage under higher temperature. It is recommended for cultivation in both dry seasons of Bangladesh. In early plantings (20 December and 5 January), studied rice varieties took longer in the vegetative phase. Of these, 66 are indigenous and 8 are non-indigenous.

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